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The pathogenesis of rosacea has not been fully elucidated. It is currently believed that genetic factors, local skin immune imbalance, neuroimmune and neurovascular dysfunction, skin barrier function abnormalities, microbiota imbalance, etc., are all involved in the occurrence and development of rosacea. This review summarizes research progress in the pathophysiological pathogenesis of rosacea.
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By using Doppler sensor and pressure sensor, the cerebrovascular stroke detector can be used to measure the blood flow velocity and blood pressure of the carotid artery. In this study, a variety of signal conversion and isolation processing techniques are proposed for processing and feature extraction of the output signals from the sensors. Finally, effective signal output waveforms that can be used to evaluate the cerebrovascular hemodynamics index (CVHI) are obtained, and the sound signal outputs that can reflect the change characteristics of blood flow velocity and blood pressure signals are generated, which realizes the application functional requirements of the detector.
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Humans , Blood Flow Velocity/physiology , Cerebrovascular Circulation/physiology , Hemodynamics/physiology , Stroke , TechnologyABSTRACT
Objective:To evaluate clinical efficacy and safety of omalizumab in the treatment of symptomatic dermographism by analyzing real-world data.Methods:Clinical data were collected from patients with symptomatic dermographism who completed 16-week treatment with omalizumab in Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital from February 2018 to May 2021, and retrospectively analyzed. The analysis was done by comparing data obtained before and after the treatment, including critical friction thresholds (CFTs) , pruritus scores in a provocation test, as well as urticaria control test (UCT) , dermatology life quality index (DLQI) and chronic urticaria quality of life questionnaire (CU-Q2oL) scores. Adverse events reported by patients during the treatment were recorded. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was applied for the analysis of clinical data before and after the treatment.Results:A total of 27 patients with symptomatic dermographism who completed 16 weeks of omalizumab treatment were included. At baseline, the CFTs of all the 27 patients were 4, and their UCT, DLQI and CU-Q2oL scores were 7.0 (5.0, 8.0) , 9.0 (6.0, 10.0) , 63.0 (50.0, 72.0) points respectively. At week 4, the CFTs decreased from 4 to 0 in 9 patients (33.3%) , the UCT scores increased to 14.0 (12.0, 16.0) points ( Z = 4.548, P<0.05) , and the DLQI and CU-Q2oL scores decreased to 2.0 (0.0, 2.0) and 32.0 (25.0, 41.0) points respectively in the 27 patients ( Z = 4.513, 4.433, respectively, both P<0.05) . At week 6, the UCT scores increased to 15.0 (14.0, 16.0) points, and the DLQI and CU-Q2oL scores decreased to 0.0 (0.0, 1.0) and 25.0 (23.0, 30.0) points respectively in the 27 patients. No drug-related serious adverse events were reported during the treatment. Conclusion:Omalizumab can effectively improve the symptoms of symptomatic dermographism and patients′ quality of life with a good safety profile.
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Objective:To retrospectively evaluate efficacy and safety of omalizumab in the treatment of chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) , as well as recurrence after its withdrawal.Methods:Clinical data on patients with CSU, who received omalizumab treatment in Peking University First Hospital from February 2018 to January 2021, were collected and analyzed retrospectively. Through outpatient follow-up, urticaria control test (UCT) and dermatology life quality index (DLQI) were recorded to assess disease severity, and adverse events and recurrence after omalizumab withdrawal were monitored. Comparisons of normally distributed measurement data between groups were carried out using t test or analysis of variance, comparisons of non-normally distributed measurement data between groups using Mann-Whitney U test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test or Kruskal-Wallis H test, and comparisons of enumeration data between groups using chi-square test or Fisher′s exact test. Results:A total of 59 patients with CSU were included and treated with omalizumab for at least 3 months, of whom, 45 were treated for more than 6 months, and 15 for more than 12 months. After the start of omalizumab treatment, UCT scores increased from 3.0 (1.0, 6.0) points at baseline to 11.0 (3.0, 14.0) points at 1 month and 15.0 (12.0, 16.0) points at 3 months (both P < 0.05) ; DLQI scores decreased from 16.0 (12.0, 20.0) points at baseline to 7.0 (1.0, 13.0) points at 1 month and 1.0 (0.0, 4.0) points at 3 months (both P < 0.05) . The proportion of patients achieving partial or complete disease control increased from 0 at baseline to 44.1% at 1 month, 78.0% at 3 months, and 88.9% at 6 months. The proportion of patients whose quality of life was severely or extremely severely affected by CSU decreased from 84.7% at baseline to 30.5% at 1 month, 15.3% at 3 months, and 4.4% at 6 months. The disease duration was significantly shorter in the complete response group and partial response group than in the non-response group ( t = -2.894, -2.511, P = 0.011, 0.036, respectively) ; the treatment duration was significantly longer in the complete response group than in the partial response group and non-response group ( t = 2.479, 2.677, P = 0.039, 0.022, respectively) . Compared with the rapid response group, the slow response group showed higher DLQI scores ( Z = -2.622, P = 0.009) and lower UCT scores ( Z = -2.746, P = 0.006) at baseline. Nineteen patients withdrew omalizumab after complete control of CSU, of whom 13 (68.4%) experienced relapse 7.0 (5.0, 8.0) weeks after the withdrawal, and showed significantly higher UCT scores at relapse than at baseline ( Z = 3.172, P = 0.001) . The disease duration was significantly longer in the recurrence group than in the non-recurrence group ( Z = -2.635, P = 0.007) . After recurrence, 5 patients restarted omalizumab treatment, and all of them regained partial or complete disease control. The adverse events reported during the treatment were all mild to moderate. Conclusions:Omalizumab can effectively and safely control symptoms of CSU and improve the quality of life of patients with CSU. However, recurrence frequently occurs after omalizumab withdrawal, and reinitiating omalizumab treatment after recurrence is still effective.
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Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) greatly affects the quality of life of patients. Currently, no sensitive and convenient biomarkers are available to assess the severity of CSU and efficacy of drug therapies. It is particularly important to apply patient-reported outcome assessment tools with good reliability and validity in daily management of CSU, such as urticaria activity score, urticaria control test and chronic urticaria quality of life questionnaire. This review outlines the existing CSU assessment tools, analyzes their strengths, limitations and clinical application, aiming to establish a CSU clinical scoring system, and to facilitate personalized treatment and efficacy evaluation.
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Objective:To assess the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of chronic urticaria quality of life questionnaire (CU-Q2oL) .Methods:The original English version of CU-Q2oL was translated into Chinese after forward-backward translation and cultural adaption, and items of the Chinese version of CU-Q2oL were determined. From January to December 2019, 195 chronic spontaneous urticaria patients with or without chronic inducible urticaria were enrolled from Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Peking University First Hospital, and followed up every 2 weeks. A total of 2 follow-ups were carried out, and a questionnaire survey was conducted by using the Chinese version of CU-Q2oL, dermatology life quality index (DLQI) and urticaria activity score over 7 days (UAS7) during each follow-up. After each follow-up, the treatment protocol for each patient was adjusted by clinicians based on the patient′s condition. The number of questionnaire factors was extracted by exploratory factor analysis, convergent validity was estimated by analyzing correlations of CU-Q2oL with DLQI and UAS, and the internal consistency reliability of CU-Q2oL was evaluated by calculating Cronbach′s α coefficient; the sensitivity of CU-Q2oL was assessed by analyzing correlations of changes in UAS7 scores with changes in CU-Q2oL scores.Results:Four factors were extracted from the Chinese version of CU-Q2oL, namely "symptoms", "daily functional activities", "sleep problems" and "restrictions" factors. There were 23 items in total, and the cumulative variance contribution rate was 74.011%. The Cronbach′s α coefficient of all items in CU-Q2oL was 0.961, and the Cronbach′s α coefficient of the 4 factors ranged from 0.804 to 0.933, suggesting excellent internal consistency. The total score of CU-Q2oL was moderately correlated with DLQI and UAS7 scores, with correlation coefficients of 0.437 and 0.560, respectively (both P < 0.01) . A total of 71 patients completed the second follow-up. The change in the total score of CU-Q2oL was moderately correlated with that in the UAS7 score, with a correlation coefficient of 0.392 ( P < 0.01) . Conclusion:The Chinese version of CU-Q2oL has excellent internal consistency, good reliability and validity, and can be used to evaluate the quality of life of patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria in China.
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Objective:To evaluate the reliability, validity and sensitivity of the Chinese version of pruritus-specific quality of life instrument (ItchyQoL) .Methods:Based on the English version of ItchyQoL, items of the Chinese version of ItchyQoL were determined after forward-backward translation and cultural adaption. Totally, 218 patients with pruritus caused by skin diseases were enrolled from Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital from January to December 2019, and a questionnaire survey was conducted. At the time of enrollment and 2 weeks after enrollment, the Chinese version of ItchyQoL, dermatology life quality index (DLQI) and numerical rating scale (NRS) were used to evaluate the effect of pruritus on the quality of life of patients. Confirmatory factor was used to assess the structural validity of the Chinese version of ItchyQoL, and Cronbach′s α coefficient was used to estimate its internal consistency reliability. Spearman correlation coefficient was used to analyze correlations (convergent validity) of the Chinese version of ItchyQoL score with DLQI and NRS scores, and correlations (sensitivity) of changes in the Chinese version of ItchyQoL score with changes in DLQI and NRS scores.Results:The Chinese version of ItchyQoL contained a total of 22 items, including 3 dimensions, i.e., "symptoms", "functions" and "emotions", with the Cronbach′s α coefficients being 0.946, 0.883 and 0.953 respectively, suggesting excellent internal consistency. At 2 weeks after enrollment, the NRS score was strongly correlated with the total ItchyQoL score ( rs = 0.700, P < 0.01) , and moderately correlated with the subscores of "emotions", "functions" and "symptoms" ( rs = 0.452, 0.673, 0.692 respectively, all P < 0.01) ; the DLQI score was also strongly correlated with the total ItchyQoL score ( rs = 0.887, P < 0.01) and the subscores of "functions" and "symptoms" ( rs = 0.886, 0.750 respectively, both P < 0.01) , and moderately correlated with the "emotions" subscore ( rs = 0.674, P < 0.01) . Compared with the scores at the time of enrollment, the change in the total ItchyQoL score after 2 weeks was moderately correlated with the change in the NRS score ( rs = 0.642, P < 0.01) , and strongly correlated with the change in the DLQI score ( rs = 0.757, P < 0.01) ; the changes in "symptoms" and "functions" subscores were moderately correlated with the change in the NRS score ( rs = 0.648, 0.549 respectively, both P < 0.01) , while there was a weak correlation between the changes in "emotions" subscore and NRS score ( rs = 0.225, P < 0.01) ; the changes in "symptoms" and "functions" subscores were strongly correlated with the change in the DLQI score ( rs = 0.755, 0.703 respectively, both P < 0.01) , while the change in "emotions" subscore was moderately correlated with the change in the DLQI score ( rs = 0.401, P < 0.01) . Moreover, the total score of the Chinese version of ItchyQoL and subscores of "symptoms", "functions" and "emotions" all significantly differed among different NRS and DLQI score groups at 2 weeks after enrollment (all P < 0.05) . Conclusion:The Chinese version of ItchyQoL has good reliability and validity, and can be used to evaluate the quality of life of patients with pruritus caused by skin diseases in China.
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Objective:To translate the Urticaria Control Test (UCT) into Chinese, and to assess reliability, validity, sensitivity and screening accuracy of the new-version scale.Methods:After forward-backward translation and cultural adaption, items of the Chinese version of UCT were determined. The scale was used in 51 patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) , 41 with chronic inducible urticaria (CIndU) , and 11 with CSU complicated by CIndU. Within 8 weeks after enrollment, 81 patients were treated with antihistamines, 8 with omalizumab, and 14 with antihistamines combined with omalizumab. At the time of enrollment and 4 and 8 weeks after enrollment, dermatology life quality index (DLQI) and urticaria activity score (UAS) were used to assess the quality of life impairment and disease activity. The internal consistency reliability of the questionnaire was estimated using Cronbach′s α coefficient. By comparing with DLQI and UAS28 scores, the Chinese version of UCT was tested for convergent validity, known-group validity, sensitivity and screening accuracy.Results:The Chinese version of UCT contained 4 items, and could be used to retrospectively evaluate clinical symptoms and signs of the disease, impact on quality of life, treatment effects and overall disease control in the past 4 weeks. The Cronbach′s α coefficient of each item in the UCT scale was 0.886 - 0.945 in the CSU group, and 0.834 - 0.958 in the CIndU group. At the time of enrollment, the UCT score was significantly negatively correlated with the DLQI score in both the CSU group and CIndU group ( rs = -0.672, -0.578, respectively, both P < 0.01) . At 4 and 8 weeks, the UCT score was significantly negatively correlated with UAS28 and DLQI scores in the CSU group (4 weeks: rs = -0.654, -0.829, respectively, both P < 0.01; 8 weeks: rs = -0.717, -0.765, respectively,both P < 0.01) , and it was also significantly negatively correlated with the DLQI score in the CIndU group ( rs = -0.834, -0.778, respectively, both P < 0.01) . In the CSU group, the change in the UCT score between weeks 4 and 8 was significantly negatively correlated with the change in UAS score ( rs = -0.569, P < 0.01) ; compared with the baseline, the change in the UCT scores was also significantly negatively correlated with the change in the DLQI scores at weeks 4 and 8 ( rs = -0.693, -0.447, respectively, both P < 0.01) . In the CIndU group, compared with the baseline, the change in the UCT scores at weeks 4 and 8 also showed a significant correlation with the change in DLQI scores ( rs = -0.615, -0.408, respectively, both P < 0.01) . The UCT score significantly differed among different UAS and DLQI score groups (all P < 0.05) . Conclusions:The Chinese version of the UCT is a valid and reliable tool for the clinical management of patients with CSU/CIndU. It can be used to evaluate disease control, and reflect disease activity and disease-related quality of life to a certain extent.
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Objective:To investigate clinical application of critical temperature threshold (CTT) measurement by using a temperature tester in the diagnosis of cold contact urticaria, and to explore relationships of CTTs with disease activity, disease control condition and quality of life in patients with cold contact urticaria.Methods:A total of 20 patients with cold contact urticaria were collected from Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital from October 2017 to March 2019. Disease activity was assessed by the patients themselves at the first visit; the CTT was measured, and dermatology life quality index (DLQI) was evaluated by the patients themselves at the first visit and subsequent 2 follow-up visits. At the second follow-up visit, disease control condition was evaluated in the patients. Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze correlations of CTTs with disease activity, CTT improvement and disease control condition. Friedman test was used to compare the improvement of CTTs and DLQI during treatment, and Bonferroni multiple test was used for multiple comparisons.Results:Based on the patients′ self-assessed disease activity, there were 3 patients with mild cold contact urticaria, 8 with moderate cold contact urticaria, and 9 with severe cold contact urticaria, and the disease activity was positively correlated with CTTs ( r s = 0.573, P = 0.008) . Clinician assessment of disease control condition showed 3 patients with poor disease control, 6 with fair disease control and 9 with good disease control, and the disease control condition was positively correlated with the improvement of CTTs ( r s = 0.516, P = 0.020) . The CTTs were (20.10 ± 4.67) ℃, (10.75 ± 5.30) ℃, and 5.50 (4.00, 10.75) ℃ (expressed as median[ P25, P75]) at the first visit and 2 follow-up visits respectively, and significantly differed among different visits ( χ2 = 34.16, P < 0.001) ; meanwhile, the DLQI scores were 19.75 ± 3.81, 8.45 ± 6.27, 0.50 (0, 9.00) (expressed as median[ P25, P75]) respectively, and there was a significant difference among different visits ( χ2 = 35.23, P < 0.001) ; the CTT and DLQI were significantly lower at the 2 follow-up visits than at the first visit (all P < 0.001) . Conclusion:CTTs can reflect disease activity in patients with cold contact urticaria, and are correlated with the quality of life and disease control condition.
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Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is characterized by recurrent wheals with severe itching, and greatly affects the life quality of patients. The European guideline on chronic urticaria recommends the anti-IgE monoclonal antibody omalizumab as the only third-line therapy for patients with CSU whose condition can not be controlled by high doses of antihistamines. Although a lot of researches have shown that omalizumab is effective and safe for the treatment of CSU, its therapeutic mechanisms have not yet been fully elucidated. This review summarizes therapeutic mechanisms of omalizumab in the treatment of CSU, and indices for predicting and monitoring its clinical efficacy.
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Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is characterized by recurrent wheals with severe itching,and greatly affects the life quality of patients.The European guideline on chronic urticaria recommends the anti-IgE monoclonal antibody omalizumab as the only third-line therapy for patients with CSU whose condition can not be controlled by high doses of antihistamines.Although a lot of researches have shown that omalizumab is effective and safe for the treatment of CSU,its therapeutic mechanisms have not yet been fully elucidated.This review summarizes therapeutic mechanisms of omalizumab in the treatment of CSU,and indices for predicting and monitoring its clinical efficacy.